Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) Energy Systems for Hotel Operations: A Review of Design Strategies and Implementation Challenges in Tanzania
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64470/elene.2026.38Keywords:
Hybrid solar PV, Solar fraction, Techno‑economic performance, Solar water heatingAbstract
Tanzania’s hospitality sector faces persistent challenges in providing reliable and affordable hot water because of rising electricity tariffs, grid instability, and reliance on fossil fuel backup systems. Given the country’s high solar irradiance, hybrid photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal (PV/T) systems are a promising option for increasing thermal energy reliability and reducing operational costs and environmental impacts. This review synthesizes global and regional studies on hybrid configurations that integrate photovoltaic electricity generation with solar thermal water heating technologies, focusing on their relevance to hotel operations in Tanzania. We describe system design approaches, control strategies, storage options, and reported operational outcomes, and we summarize performance ranges (notably reported solar fractions of roughly 60–80% in well-designed systems) and typical techno economic indicators. The evidence indicates that hybrid systems can substantially increase solar contribution to hot water loads and reduce grid dependence, but adoption in Tanzania is constrained by limited local performance data, a lack of standardized design practices, and insufficient techno economic evaluations tailored to local conditions. We conclude that hybrid PV/T systems show strong potential for commercial hot water use in Tanzania and recommend targeted field trials, standardized design guidelines, and context specific economic analyses to support wider deployment.
Downloads
References
Agoundedemba, M., Kim, C. K., & Kim, H.-G. (2023). Energy Status in Africa: Challenges, Progress and Sustainable Pathways. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16237708
Aguilar-Jiménez, J. A., Velázquez-Limón, N., Islas-Pereda, S., Ríos-Arriola, J., Suástegui-Macias, J. A., Cásares-De la Torre, C. A., & Gómez-Hernández, J. A. (2024). Technical and economic assessment of hybrid PVT solar systems compared to independent solar thermal and photovoltaic collectors in high-temperature zones: A case study in Mexicali, Mexico. Renewable Energies, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/27533735241278104
Ajay Kumar, P. V., James, A., Prashanth, G., & Srinivas, M. (2026). Performance investigation of hybrid solar photovoltaic/thermal collector with dual-cooled thermoelectric generator. Applied Thermal Engineering, 299, 131177. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APPLTHERMALENG.2026.131177
Alsadi, S., & Khatib, T. (2018). Photovoltaic power systems optimization research status: A review of criteria, constrains, models, techniques, and software tools. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 8(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101761
Al-Zoubi, H., Al-Khasawneh, Y., & Omar, W. (2021). Design and feasibility study of an on-grid photovoltaic system for green electrification of hotels: a case study of Cedars hotel in Jordan. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, 12(4), 611–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-021-00406-z
Anvari, S., Medina, A., Merchán, R. P., & Hernández, A. C. (2025). Sustainable solar/biomass/energy storage hybridization for enhanced renewable energy integration in multi-generation systems: A comprehensive review. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 223). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115997
Anyanwu, L. E., Ogunsina, A. F., Ohiri, Q. F., & Anyanwu, I. O. (2025). Renewable Energy Transition and Challenges: Solar and Wind Energy Systems Optimization Through Battery Storage Technology and Grid Integration Strategies. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 28(3), 1938–1952. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.28.3.4226
Au-Yong, C. P., Hoh, P. K., & Amos, D. (2024). Enhancing the Maintenance Practice to Improve Guests’ Satisfaction in the Hotels Industry. Built Environment Journal, 21(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.24191/bej.v21i1.477
Bakić, V. V., Pezo, M. L., & Stojković, S. M. (2016). Technical and economic analysis of grid-connected pv/wind energy stations in the republic of serbia under varying climatic conditions. FME Transactions, 44(1), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.5937/fmet1601071B
Barrak, E. S., Hammodi, K. A., & Mouthanna, A. (2024). Thermal Stratification in Solar Water Storage Tanks through Inlet Port Diffuser Optimization during Charge and Discharge Processes. 2nd International Conference on the Future Sustainable Energy (ICFSE), 8, 39–53. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-1r0mvz
Bdour, A., Al-Rawashdeh, H., Ali Al-Khashman, O., Al Bdour, J. T., Gomaa, M. R., Rezk, H., Marashli, A., Arrfou, L. M., & Louzazni, M. (2023). Citation: Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Renewable-Energy System for Green Buildings to Improve Efficiency and Reduce GHG Emissions with Multiple Scenarios. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097529
Bishoge, O. K., Zhang, L., & Mushi, W. G. (2019). The Potential Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development in Tanzania: A Review. In Clean Technologies (Vol. 1, Number 1, pp. 70–88). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol1010006
Brottier, L., & Bennacer, R. (2020). Thermal performance analysis of 28 PVT solar domestic hot water installations in Western Europe. Renewable Energy, 160, 196–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2020.06.072
Chandrasekaran, G., Kumar, N. S., Chokkalingam, A., Gowrishankar, V., Priyadarshi, N., & Khan, B. (2025). IoT enabled smart solar water heater system using real time ThingSpeak IoT platform. IET Renewable Power Generation, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12760
Chen, S. G. (2012). An efficient sizing method for a stand-alone PV system in terms of the observed block extremes. Applied Energy, 91(1), 375–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2011.09.043
Chow, T. T. (2010). A review on photovoltaic/thermal hybrid solar technology. Applied Energy, 87(2), 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.06.037
Clift, D. H., & Suehrcke, H. (2021). Control optimization of PV powered electric storage and heat pump water heaters. Solar Energy, 226, 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLENER.2021.08.059
Cruz Davila, J., Parada, M., & Arriaga-Gutierrez, A. (2025). Comparative Evaluation of Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Installations for Water Heating at Hotel Casa Del Árbol Galerías in San Pedro Sula. E3S Web of Conferences, 629. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202562905004
de Freitas Moscardini Júnior, E., & Rüther, R. (2020). The influence of the solar radiation database and the photovoltaic simulator on the sizing and economics of photovoltaic-diesel generators. Energy Conversion and Management, 210, 112737. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2020.112737
Efosa Brown Amayo, Olumide Akindele Owulade, & Lawani Raymond Isi. (2025). Project management strategies in renewable energy deployments: A focus on solar power in West Africa. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 7(3), 266–284. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v7i3.1845
Efzan, E., Noor, M., Hanani, W. N., Nadzmi, W. M., & Farrukh Baig, M. (2026). Advanced Photovoltaic Technologies and Intelligent Integration in Solar Photovoltaic and Photovoltaic-Thermal Systems: A Materials Innovation Perspective. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19102441
Elias Ahmed, Y., Reza Maghami, M., Pasupuleti, J., Hassan Danook, S., & Basim Ismail, F. (2024). Overview of Recent Solar Photovoltaic Cooling System Approach. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12090171
Emadur, M., Ekra, R., Hosain, N., Hossain, I., Belayet, M., & Babla, H. (n.d.). JOURNAL OF ENERGY AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Observability-Aware Mobility Parameter Estimation for Seamless Indoor-Outdoor Vehicle Positioning.
Fadzlin, W. A., Hasanuzzaman, M., Rahim, N. A., Amin, N., & Said, Z. (2022). Global Challenges of Current Building-Integrated Solar Water Heating Technologies and Its Prospects: A Comprehensive Review. In Energies (Vol. 15, Number 14). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145125
Fathi, M., Mohammadi, Z., Allahyari, S., Rahimi, S., Ahmadi, A., & Zahedi, A. (2026). Integration of solar, wind, and wave energy for sustainable hotel operation in coastal regions: optimization of a building with hydrogen-supported hybrid renewable energy system. Energy Strategy Reviews, 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2026.102134
Gaber, B., Zhan, C., Han, X., Omar, M., & Li, G. (2025). A Customer-Oriented Holistic Approach to Solar Shading Design: Enhancing Efficiency in an Existing Educational Building. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224105
Gaonwe, T. P., Kusakana, K., & Hohne, P. A. (2026). Energy management and optimal control of a multifarious water heating systems with waste heat recovery and a solar-assisted heat pump: A case of large-capacity healthcare building. Energy Nexus, 22, 100692. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEXUS.2026.100692
Guerra, N., Guevara, M., Palacios, C., & Crupi, F. (2018). Operation and Physics of Photovoltaic Solar Cells: an overview. In Revista de I+D Tecnológico (Vol. 14, Number 2). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Gyatso, N., Li, Y., Gao, Z., Wang, Q., Li, S., Yin, Q., Chen, J., Jin, P., Liu, Z., Ma, Z., Chen, X., Feng, J., & Dorje. (2023). Wind power performance assessment at high plateau region: A case study of the wind farm field test on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Applied Energy, 336, 120789. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2023.120789
Haj Zaidan, M., Khalaf, H. J., & Ahmed, B. A. (2018). Thermal Analysis of a Solar Absorption Cooling System with Hot and Cold Storage Tanks. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences Journal Homepage, 50, 67–80. www.akademiabaru.com/arfmts.html
Haji, M. (2019). Performance Analysis of Installed Solar PV System Using Homer in Tanzania: A Case Study of Zanzibar and Arusha. American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 8(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20190801.12
Haller, M. Y., & Heinz, A. (2024). Increasing PV Self-Consumption with Heat Pumps – Sense or Non-Sense of additional Electric Heaters. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.18086/eurosun.2022.08.05
Han, Y. M., Wang, R. Z., & Dai, Y. J. (2009). Thermal stratification within the water tank. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(5), 1014–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2008.03.001
Handam, A. (2025). Energy Management Using Hybrid Solar Systems: A Study of Their Efficiency in Electricity and Heat Production. Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences, 32(Special Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.sp1.2025.4
Herez, A., El Hage, H., Lemenand, T., Ramadan, M., & Khaled, M. (2020). Review on photovoltaic/thermal hybrid solar collectors: Classifications, applications and new systems. Solar Energy, 207, 1321–1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.07.062
Herez, A., Jaber, H., Ramadan, M., Lemenand, T., Hage, H. El, Khaled, M., Salameh, T., Hamid, A. K., & Hussein, M. (2025). Recent advances in hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) systems: A comprehensive review of performance, configurations, and emerging technologies. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 28, 101235. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECMX.2025.101235
Herrando, M., & Ramos, A. (2022). Photovoltaic-Thermal (PV-T) Systems for Combined Cooling, Heating and Power in Buildings: A Review. In Energies (Vol. 15, Number 9). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093021
Herrando, M., Wang, K., Huang, G., Otanicar, T., Mousa, O. B., Agathokleous, R. A., Ding, Y., Kalogirou, S., Ekins-Daukes, N., Taylor, R. A., & Markides, C. N. (2023). A review of solar hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) collectors and systems. In Progress in Energy and Combustion Science (Vol. 97). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101072
Hosouli, S., Aliakbari, M., Raeisi, F., Talha Jahangir, M., Gomes, J., Murali, D., & Acosta Pazmiño, I. P. (2025). Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) Solar Collector and System Overview. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215643
Iyankumar, R., Arun, |, Murali, P., Abdellaif, |, Sadeq, M., Mohamed, |, Shajahan, I., Karuppaiah Selvakumar, |, Karthik, |, Shankar, V., Giri, J., Sabeur, H., & Sadeq, A. M. (2025). Exploring Solar Thermal Collector Technologies: Efficiency, Performance, and Advanced Concentration Strategies. Energy Science & Engineering, 13, 6527–6571. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.70235
Kalair, A. R., Seyedmahmoudian, M., Saleem, M. S., Abas, N., Rauf, S., & Stojcevski, A. (2022). A Comparative Thermal Performance Assessment of Various Solar Collectors for Domestic Water Heating. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9536772
Karda, S., Nagy-György, T., & Boros, I. (2023). Evolution of the Payback Period for Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings in Romania in the Last Decade. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118986
Kazemian, A., Khatibi, M., Entezari, S., Ma, T., & Yang, H. (2023). Efficient energy generation and thermal storage in a photovoltaic thermal system partially covered by solar cells and integrated with organic phase change materials. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 188, 113705. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2023.113705
Khan, A., Bressel, M., Davigny, A., Abbes, D., & Ould Bouamama, B. (2025). Comprehensive Review of Hybrid Energy Systems: Challenges, Applications, and Optimization Strategies. In Energies (Vol. 18, Number 10). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/en18102612
Koko, S. P. (2022). Optimal battery sizing for a grid-tied solar photovoltaic system supplying a residential load: A case study under South African solar irradiance. Energy Reports, 8, 410–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2022.02.183
Kumar, B., Kumar, A., Sassanelli, C., & Kumar, L. (2025). Exploring the role of finance in driving circular economy and sustainable business practices. Journal of Cleaner Production, 486, 144480. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.144480
Kundzina, A., Gulcan, O. ˘, Vuru¸san, V., & Nafa, H. (2026). Academic Editors: Ineta Geipele and Improving the Energy Performance of Residential Buildings Through Solar Renewable Energy Systems and Smart Building Technologies: The Cyprus Example. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031195
Li, Y., Lu, Y., Sun, J., Wang, T., Zong, S., Zhou, T., & Wang, X. (2024). Operational Strategy of a DC Inverter Heat Pump System Considering PV Power Fluctuation and Demand-Side Load Characteristics. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041139
Liu, X., Yuan, S., Yu, H., & Liu, Z. (2023). How ecological policy stringency moderates the influence of industrial innovation on environmental sustainability: The role of renewable energy transition in BRICST countries. Renewable Energy, 207, 194–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2023.01.045
Lyanda, R. P., & Mwakitalima, I. J. (2025). Renewable energy in Tanzania: Advancements in solar PV applications - review. International Journal of Energy Applications and Technologies, 11(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.31593/ijeat.1723343
Lyu, Y., Ali, S. A., Yin, W., & Kouser, R. (2022). Energy Transition, Sustainable Development Opportunities, and Carbon Emissions Mitigation: Is the Developed World Converging Toward SDGs-2030? In Frontiers in Environmental Science (Vol. 10). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.912479
Madunagu, C., Wajiga, G. M., & Ahmadu, A. S. (2026). A HYBRID ADAPTIVE FRAMEWORK FOR SMART HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT INTEGRATING DEEP REINFORCEMENT LEARNING AND METAHEURISTIC OPTIMIZATION. FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, 10(3), 347–356. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2026-1003-4671
Maggu, P., Singh, S., Sinha, A., Biamba, C. N., Iwendi, C., & Hashmi, A. (2025). Sustainable and optimized power solution using hybrid energy system. Energy Exploration and Exploitation, 43(2), 526–563. https://doi.org/10.1177/01445987241284689
Mao, Y., Ma, M., Chen, S., Zhan, H., Yuan, Y., Wang, Y., Deng, J., & Peng, C. (2025). Research on the Configurations and Control Methods of a Hybrid System of Air-Source Heat Pumps and Gas Boilers for Space Heating: Simulation and Comparative Analysis. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136173
Marinho, N., Taghizad-Tavana, K., Nezhad, A. E., Hagh, M. T., Canani, A., & Safari, A. (2025). Academic Editor: Manoel H. Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Off-Grid Electrification: A Comprehensive Review of Storage Technologies, Metaheuristic Optimization Approaches and Key Challenges. https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6110309
Meraj, S. T., Yu, S. S., Rahman, M. S., Hasan, K., Hossain Lipu, M. S., & Trinh, H. (2023). Energy management schemes, challenges and impacts of emerging inverter technology for renewable energy integration towards grid decarbonization. Journal of Cleaner Production, 405, 137002. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2023.137002
Milón Guzmán, J. J., Braga, S. L., Pradelle, F. A. Y., & Díaz Coa, M. E. (2025). Direct Current Photovoltaic Solar Energy for Water Heating. Energies, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/en18082009
Misrol, M. A., Wan Alwi, S. R., Lim, J. S., & Manan, Z. A. (2022). Optimising renewable energy at the eco-industrial park: A mathematical modelling approach. Energy, 261, 125345. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2022.125345
Mostakim, K., & Hasanuzzaman, M. (2022). Global prospects, challenges and progress of photovoltaic thermal system. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 53, 102426. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SETA.2022.102426
Mwasenga, W., & KamolekaMlela, M. (2024). Design Solar Photovoltaic Diesel Hybrid System with Battery Storage for Rural Remote Area: A Case Study of Mwala Village Mbeya District. Mbeya University of Science and Technology Journal of Research and Development, 5(2), 786–795. https://doi.org/10.62277/mjrd2024v5i20048
Namdar, H., Rossi di Schio, E., Semprini, G., & Valdiserri, P. (2025). Photovoltaic-thermal solar-assisted heat pump systems for building applications: A technical review on direct expansion systems. In Energy and Buildings (Vol. 334). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115516
Naveenkumar, R., Venkateshkumar, R., Mohanavel, V., Franklin, C., Ismail, S. O., Ravichandran, M., Kannan, S., & Soudagar, M. E. M. (2025). Recent developments in solar water heaters and solar collectors: A review on experimental and neural network analyses. Results in Engineering, 25, 104394. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RINENG.2025.104394
Nwagu, C. N., Ujah, C. O., Kallon, D. V. V., & Aigbodion, V. S. (2025). Integrating solar and wind energy into the electricity grid for improved power accessibility. Unconventional Resources, 5, 100129. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UNCRES.2024.100129
Odoi-Yorke, F. (2025). Artificial intelligence for solar water heating systems: A review of global research trends, advances, and future perspectives. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 28, 101378. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECMX.2025.101378
Okechi Ifeanyi-nze, F., & Erungworo Okayim, P. (2022). Cite this article: Ifeanyi-nze FO, Okayim PE (2022) A Critical Review of Hybrid Solar-Biomass Renewable Energy System for Sustainable Rural Development in Nigeria. Chem Eng Process Tech, 7(2), 1071.
Okika, M. C., & Musonda, I. (2026). Investigating the economic challenges faced in the integration of solar energy. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 30, 101789. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECMX.2026.101789
Okika, M. C., Musonda, I., Monko, R. J., & Phoya, S. A. (2025). The road map for sustainable development using solar energy electricity generation in Tanzania. Energy Strategy Reviews, 57, 101630. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESR.2024.101630
Phiri, F., Kaale, J., Banda, S., Pansho, M., & Kapamba, G. (2025). EFFECTS OF WATER QUALITY ON OPERATIONS OF HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY IN KAFUE CATCHMENT AREA. 4(3). https://journal.uinmataram.ac.id/index.php/juwita
Rahaman, Md. H., & Iqbal, M. T. (2019). A Comparison of Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Collector for Residential Water Heating and Space Heating System. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201910.0003.v1
Rana, M. M., Mo, H., Shafiullah, G. M., Qiao, L., & Dong, D. (2026). Optimal sizing of battery storage for cost-effective peak shaving in regional distribution networks. Journal of Energy Storage, 141, 119502. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EST.2025.119502
Raymond, J., Kihedu, J. H., & Kimambo, C. Z. M. (2022). A Model for Sustainable Adoption of Solar Photovoltaic Technology in Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology, 41(2), 16–34. https://doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v41i2.776
Richard, K., John Ukagwu, K., & Okafor, W. (2024). Factors Influencing the Efficiency of Solar Energy Systems. Journal of Engineering, Technology, and Applied Science (JETAS), 6(3), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.jetas-0603.748
Rosales-Pérez, J. F., Villarruel-Jaramillo, A., Romero-Ramos, J. A., Pérez-García, M., Cardemil, J. M., & Escobar, R. (2023). Hybrid System of Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Technologies for Industrial Process Heat. In Energies (Vol. 16, Number 5). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052220
Rupar-Gadd, K., Gelius, M., & Wickman, P. (2025). Energy efficiency and economy with hybrid control: District heating and heat pumps in multi-family houses. Energy and Buildings, 342, 115897. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2025.115897
Sampaio, C., Sebastião, J. R., & Farinha, L. (2024). Hospitality and Tourism Demand: Exploring Industry Shifts, Themes, and Trends. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14100207
Samykano, M. (2023). Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal Systems: Present and Future Feasibilities for Industrial and Building Applications. In Buildings (Vol. 13, Number 8). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081950
Schleifer, A. H., Harrison-Atlas, D., Cole, W. J., & Murphy, C. A. (2023). Hybrid renewable energy systems: the value of storage as a function of PV-wind variability. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1036183
Sepúlveda-Oviedo, E. H. (2025). A review of operational factors affecting photovoltaic system performance. In Energy Conversion and Management: X (Vol. 26). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100942
Serat, Z., Danishmal, M., & Mohammad Mohammadi, F. (2024). Optimizing hybrid PV/Wind and grid systems for sustainable energy solutions at the university campus: Economic, environmental, and sensitivity analysis. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 24, 100691. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECMX.2024.100691
Singh, V., Ahirwar, B. K., Paraye, P., Kushwah, S., Patel, A. K., Nigam, P., Tiwari, R., & Tinnaluri, V. S. N. (2025). A categorical review of advancements, efficiency, and sustainability in solar water heating systems. In Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (Vol. 150, Number 14, pp. 10681–10724). Springer Science and Business Media B.V. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-025-14431-1
Sun, C., Feng, L., Chen, Y., Ju, X., & Zhao, T. (2026). Renewable energy for domestic hot water production: Advances, challenges, and future directions - A systematic review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 226, 116282. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2025.116282
Talal, M. R., Ismaeel, A. A., & Kareem, I. S. (2024). A Review of the Existing Advance of Photovoltaic Thermal Air Collector: Drawbacks and Future Development. In Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment (Vol. 11, Number 4, pp. 165–204). Materials and Energy Research Center. https://doi.org/10.30501/jree.2024.466186.1988
Tarragona, J., Pisello, A. L., Fernández, C., Cabeza, L. F., Payá, J., Marchante-Avellaneda, J., & de Gracia, A. (2022). Analysis of thermal energy storage tanks and PV panels combinations in different buildings controlled through model predictive control. Energy, 239, 122201. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2021.122201
Terkes, M., Syarif, M. R. A., Demirci, A., Ozturk, Z., Gokalp, E., & Cali, U. (2025). Balancing cost-efficiency and sustainability in offshore hybrid renewable energy systems: A case study of Palau River. Energy Reports, 14, 1095–1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2025.06.053
Thango, B. A., & Obokoh, L. (2024). Techno-Economic Analysis of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Power Interruptions: A Systematic Review. In Eng (Vol. 5, Number 3, pp. 2108–2156). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5030112
Towards Sustainable Hospitality: Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Hotels. (2024). International Research Journal of Economics and Management Studies, 3(6). https://doi.org/10.56472/25835238/irjems-v3i6p145
Ullah, I., & Kim, D. (2017). An improved optimization function for maximizing user comfort with minimum energy consumption in smart homes. Energies, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111818
Van Oevelen, T., Neven, T., Brès, A., Schmidt, R. R., & Vanhoudt, D. (2023). Testing and evaluation of a smart controller for reducing peak loads and return temperatures in district heating networks. Smart Energy, 10, 100105. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SEGY.2023.100105
Wu, Y., Xin, B., Zhu, H., & Ye, Z. (2022). Energy-Saving Operation Strategy for Hotels Considering the Impact of COVID-19 in the Context of Carbon Neutrality. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214919
Xu, J., Song, J., Huang, G., Mersch, M., Wang, K., & Markides, C. N. (2026). Comprehensive comparative assessments of optimal distributed solar-energy systems for combined heat and power. Energy, 344, 139724. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2025.139724
Znaczko, P., Chamier-Gliszczynski, N., & Kaminski, K. (2025). Experimental Study of Solar Hot Water Heating System with Adaptive Control Strategy. Energies, 18(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/en18153904
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Danford W. Kafumu, Isaka J. Mwakitalima, Masoud Kamoleka
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal the right to publish it under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This allows for maximum dissemination and reuse with appropriate citation.
ORCID 
